Markets are often influenced by clear, identifiable events like pandemics, wars, or economic downturns. However, they can also be driven into turmoil by less visible forces, such as complex financial maneuvers that, when they unravel, leave investors reeling. This week, Wall Street witnessed a confluence of both scenarios, resulting in a selloff that has left even seasoned investors grasping for explanations.
The initial catalyst for the market turbulence was straightforward enough: disappointing earnings from major tech companies and troubling signals from the U.S. labor market, which raised fears of a potential economic slowdown. However, the situation was exacerbated by a more obscure and technical issue—the unraveling of a popular trading strategy known as the “yen carry trade.” This strategy, which had long been a reliable money-maker for investors, suddenly turned into a financial disaster, sending shockwaves through global markets.
The Yen Carry Trade: A Double-Edged Sword
At its core, a carry trade is a strategy where investors borrow money in a country with low interest rates and use it to invest in assets that offer higher returns elsewhere. For years, Japan has been the go-to place for such borrowing, thanks to its ultra-low interest rates, which have hovered near zero. Investors could borrow Japanese yen cheaply and then use that borrowed money to buy assets like U.S. tech stocks, government bonds, or even foreign currencies such as the Mexican peso, all of which have provided solid returns in recent years.
The premise behind the yen carry trade is relatively simple: as long as the yen remains weak against the dollar, investors can repay their loans in yen and pocket the difference as profit. Over the past few decades, this strategy has been remarkably successful. As Bloomberg columnist John Authers pointed out on the Big Take Daily podcast, “For the century so far, you would have made more money in the yen-peso carry trade than you would have done in the S&P 500. That is bonkers.”
The yen carry trade gained particular popularity in the last four years. During this period, Japan was the only major economy still offering essentially free money, as other countries raised interest rates to combat inflation. Japan, struggling with the opposite problem—persistently low inflation—kept borrowing rates low to stimulate economic growth. For investors, borrowing at near-zero rates in Japan and earning a 5% return on U.S. Treasuries seemed like a no-brainer.
However, as with all investments, there were risks involved. The success of a carry trade depends heavily on the stability of exchange rates. As long as the yen remains weak, the strategy works. But if the yen starts to strengthen, the cost of repaying the yen-denominated loans increases, eating into or even eliminating profits.
The Unraveling Begins
The trouble began a few weeks ago when the yen’s value started to rise, eroding the profitability of the carry trade. The situation worsened last week when the Bank of Japan raised interest rates for the second time since March, pushing the yen even higher. At the same time, the U.S. dollar weakened as the Federal Reserve hinted at potential rate cuts, and U.S. tech stocks began to decline. These factors combined to create a perfect storm for carry traders, who suddenly found themselves facing mounting losses.
As investors rushed to unwind their carry trade positions, the situation quickly spiraled out of control. Kit Juckes, a global macro strategist at Societe Generale, succinctly described the chaos in a note to clients: “You can’t unwind the biggest carry trade the world has ever seen without breaking a few heads.” The carry trade is inherently a leveraged position, meaning investors borrow money to increase their exposure to potentially profitable assets. While leverage can amplify gains, it also magnifies losses, making it a high-risk strategy.
When the yen began to strengthen, even minor losses triggered margin calls—demands from lenders for additional cash to cover potential losses. To meet these margin calls, investors had to sell off assets, which in turn drove down prices, leading to further losses and more margin calls. This cascading effect created a vicious cycle, with investors liquidating positions en masse to avoid further financial damage.
The consequences were immediate and severe. On Monday, the Japanese stock market plunged 12.4%, triggering a global selloff. Although markets rebounded somewhat on Tuesday, with Japanese stocks regaining some of their losses and U.S. markets stabilizing, the relief may be short-lived. According to Arindam Sandilya, co-head of global FX strategy at JPMorgan Chase, the unwinding of the carry trade is only “somewhere between 50%-60% complete.”
The Road Ahead: Uncertainty and Caution
The abrupt collapse of the yen carry trade serves as a stark reminder of the risks inherent in complex financial strategies. While such trades can deliver significant profits, they are also highly susceptible to sudden shifts in market conditions. As the unwinding process continues, investors should brace for further volatility and uncertainty in the markets.
For those caught in the fallout, the key is to remain cautious and avoid panic. The financial markets are notoriously unpredictable, and while the current turmoil may be unsettling, it also presents opportunities for those who can navigate the turbulence with a clear head. As the carry trade saga unfolds, the world will be watching closely, eager to see how this high-stakes financial drama ultimately plays out.
