Antibiotic resistance is emerging as one of the most pressing global health challenges of our time, with far-reaching implications for both human and animal health. This phenomenon, often described as a silent pandemic, is gradually undermining the effectiveness of antibiotics, leading to a situation where once-treatable infections become increasingly difficult to manage. The World Health Organization (WHO) warns that if current trends continue, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) could result in up to 10 million deaths annually by 2050, with Africa bearing a significant portion of this burden.
The relationship between humans and animals has always been complex, characterized by mutual benefits and potential risks. While animals provide essential resources such as meat, milk, and eggs, they can also be reservoirs for diseases that can transfer to humans. One significant risk arises when animals are treated with antibiotics. If these antibiotics are not managed properly, residues can remain in the animals’ meat, milk, or eggs. When humans consume these products, they inadvertently ingest the antibiotics, contributing to the development of resistant bacteria.
Dr. Maurice Karani Murungi, a veterinarian and epidemiologist, explains that this exposure can foster antibiotic resistance in bacteria. “When antibiotics are consumed by humans through contaminated food, they may not fully eradicate the bacteria, which instead adapt and develop resistance,” he says. As a result, common antibiotics become less effective over time, making infections harder to treat and potentially leading to severe health outcomes.
In Africa, the rise in drug-resistant infections poses a significant health threat. Recent data from the World Health Organization (WHO) indicates that AMR could cause up to 4.5 million deaths in Africa alone by 2050 if decisive action is not taken. In Kenya, for example, AMR has already been linked to approximately 8,500 deaths, with an additional 37,300 deaths associated with resistant infections. This escalation underscores the urgent need for effective management strategies.
Farmers play a crucial role in mitigating the risk of AMR by ensuring that animals are treated with antibiotics responsibly. Muthoni Muchiri, a dairy farmer in Ruiru, emphasizes the importance of rigorous testing and quality control. “We ensure that all feed ingredients are tested for contaminants like aflatoxins and mycotoxins,” she explains. “We also conduct various tests on our milk to detect any residues of antibiotics.”
To further combat AMR, the ‘One Health’ approach has been proposed. Dr. Victor Yamo, Executive Director of Global One Health Advocacy, describes this approach as an integrated strategy that recognizes the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health. “The One Health approach is essential for managing AMR because it addresses the problem from multiple angles,” he says. This approach involves collaboration across various sectors, including healthcare, agriculture, and environmental management, to address the root causes of resistance and promote sustainable solutions.
Dr. Maurice Murungi highlights that antibiotics used in veterinary medicine can also lead to resistance if misused. “Excessive or inappropriate use of antibiotics in animals, such as for growth promotion rather than therapeutic purposes, can lead to the development of resistant bacteria,” he warns. To prevent this, animals must undergo a withdrawal period after antibiotic treatment before they can be slaughtered for human consumption. This period ensures that any residual antibiotics are eliminated from the animal’s system, making the meat safe for consumption.
Proper record-keeping and tracking systems are vital in ensuring that antibiotic residues do not contaminate animal products. “Documentation of all treatments, including the type of antibiotic, dosage, and treatment dates, is crucial,” Dr. Karani adds. Testing at various stages, from farm to processing plant, can further ensure compliance with food safety regulations.
Dr. Wambulwa Benard, an Infectious Disease Pharmacist, emphasizes that combating AMR requires a multifaceted approach. This includes prescriber education, restricting the use of antibiotics without prescriptions, and improving infection control practices. “Proper hand hygiene, safe food handling, and rational antimicrobial use are essential for preventing the spread of resistant organisms,” he advises.
The African Union’s recent report highlights the severe impact of AMR in Africa, noting that millions lack access to essential antibiotics and only a small percentage of microbiology labs can test for key AMR pathogens. Addressing this crisis requires coordinated efforts across all sectors, including increased public awareness and improved access to diagnostic services.
As the threat of AMR continues to escalate, it is imperative that all stakeholders—farmers, healthcare providers, and policymakers—collaborate to implement effective strategies. By adhering to recommended withdrawal periods and consulting licensed veterinary personnel, producers can help mitigate the risks associated with antibiotic use in animals and contribute to the broader fight against this silent pandemic.
