Crop Insurance: Yield-Based and Revenue-Based Coverage

Crop insurance serves as a vital safety net for farmers, offering protection against the unpredictable nature of agriculture, where factors like weather, pests, and market fluctuations can lead to significant financial losses. There are two primary types of crop insurance policies: yield-based coverage and revenue-based plans, each designed to address different aspects of risk management in farming operations.

Yield-Based Insurance Coverage:

One of the foundational types of crop insurance is Multiple Peril Crop Insurance (MPCI). MPCI provides coverage against various natural perils such as drought, excessive moisture, hail, wind, frost, insects, and disease. Farmers can choose to insure a percentage of their historical average yield, typically ranging from 50% to 75%, with some regions allowing coverage up to 85%. Additionally, farmers select a percentage of the projected price for their crop, usually between 55% and 100%, which is set annually by the USDA’s Risk Management Agency (RMA). This type of insurance helps farmers recover financially when their actual yield falls below the insured level due to covered perils.

Another yield-based option is the Group Risk Plan (GRP), which simplifies insurance by using a county yield index instead of individual farm histories. When the county’s average yield for a specific crop falls below a predetermined trigger level, farmers receive indemnity payments. This approach reduces administrative complexity but may result in delayed indemnity payments, often up to six months after harvest, due to the time required to calculate county-level yields accurately.

Revenue Insurance Plans:

Revenue-based crop insurance plans focus on protecting farmers’ income from fluctuations in both yield and market prices. Crop Revenue Coverage (CRC) is a popular choice among growers who actively manage price risks. CRC provides revenue protection by calculating losses based on expected prices and yields. It uses the higher of two prices: an early-season price determined around February and a harvest price based on new crop futures in October. This dual-price approach allows farmers to capture potential market gains during the growing season while ensuring protection against price declines at harvest.

Revenue Assurance (RA) offers dollar-denominated coverage, where farmers select a target revenue level typically ranging from 65% to 75% of their expected revenue. RA provides flexibility with the option to include a harvest price option (HPO), similar to CRC, which removes the cap on upside revenue protection. This feature is advantageous in volatile markets where prices may rise unexpectedly, providing farmers with comprehensive risk management tools to safeguard their income.

Group Revenue Insurance Policy (GRIP) operates similarly to RA but focuses on county-level revenue rather than individual farm revenues. It pays indemnities when the average county revenue for the insured crop falls below the revenue level chosen by the farmer. This policy is beneficial for farmers in regions where revenue loss across a broader area can impact profitability significantly.

Income Protection (IP) insurance offers coverage against low gross income resulting from low yields, low prices, or a combination of both. It provides farmers with a financial buffer against adverse conditions that affect their overall farm income, ensuring stability during challenging agricultural seasons.

Crop insurance policies are essential tools for managing risk and ensuring the financial stability of agricultural operations. They enable farmers to plan with confidence, knowing that they have protection against the uncertainties inherent in farming. By choosing between yield-based coverage like MPCI and GRP or revenue-based plans such as CRC, RA, GRIP, and IP, farmers can tailor their insurance strategies to match their specific needs and risk tolerance.

These policies not only support individual farm resilience but also contribute to the overall stability of the agricultural sector, ensuring food security and economic sustainability in rural communities across the country. For farmers seeking more information or interested in exploring specific crop insurance options, the USDA’s Risk Management Agency (RMA) provides detailed resources and guidance on available programs and eligibility criteria.