Engaging smallholder farmers in the co-design of agronomic innovations is central to the success of the Mixed Farming Systems (MFS) initiative in Malawi. This approach focuses on diversifying farming systems through intercropping, particularly with legumes, which are often considered “women’s crops.” The initiative emphasizes the need to integrate social and gender dimensions, recognizing that women, despite their significant contributions to farm labor, frequently have limited control over land, assets, and decision-making. By amplifying the voices of farmers, especially women, the MFS initiative seeks to promote sustainable, whole-farm solutions that enhance livelihoods while protecting the environment.
Farmers of various genders and resource endowments participate in trials designed using the “mother and baby” approach, comparing intercropping systems like Doubled Up Legumes (DUL) and Mbili Mbili with conventional maize-legume intercropping. The goal is to boost legume yields without sacrificing maize productivity, contributing to higher yields, improved soil health, and providing valuable livestock fodder. These trials are conducted across different agro-ecological zones, including areas with dense maize-groundnut systems and drier regions with limited production. This regional focus ensures that innovations are tailored to the specific needs of each community.
Data from 42 farmers, including women, youth, and men, involved in the trials demonstrate positive results. Mbili Mbili, in particular, outperformed other systems, yielding 5,230 kg/ha in maize-equivalent grain, significantly higher than both sole maize and the DUL system. This increase in productivity translates into improved food security and potential economic gains. Additionally, intercropping legumes with cereals has been shown to enhance soil fertility, improve biomass production for mulch or livestock feed, and conserve moisture, which is crucial in maintaining healthy soils.
For many farmers, especially women, intercropping has provided a valuable income source. However, challenges like high input costs, limited land, and access to markets remain significant barriers. Women in particular face labor burdens and struggle to access quality inputs, including legume seeds, which are often in short supply following adverse weather conditions like the 2024 El Niño-induced drought. Despite these challenges, women reported that intercropping increased income potential and allowed them to reduce the need for off-farm work, improving their financial independence and the overall well-being of their households.
The social dynamics of farming households have also shifted as a result of intercropping. Men and women have increasingly shared decision-making responsibilities and coordinated labor, which has reduced the labor burden on women. This cooperative approach has strengthened social bonds within families and communities. As men see the benefits of intercropping, such as increased yields and reduced workloads, they have become more involved in tasks traditionally handled by women, fostering greater gender equality in farm management.
While intercropping has improved dietary diversity, this was a lower priority for many, particularly youth who focused more on maximizing yields and profits. Nonetheless, the practice of intercropping has been recognized for its ability to diversify food sources, particularly by producing both beans and maize on small plots. To ensure the sustainability of this approach, it is crucial to address the availability of legume seeds and other inputs, especially following unfavorable seasons.
The MFS initiative highlights several key lessons for future research and innovation. First, participatory farm-level research and adaptive innovation are essential for ensuring that agricultural practices align with farmers’ needs and local conditions. Tailoring innovations to specific contexts such as incorporating crop-livestock integration or improving soil fertility is crucial for maximizing the benefits of intercropping. Second, gender equity plays a pivotal role in driving both sustainability and impact. Empowering women through decision-making in farming not only enhances household food security but also contributes to the overall resilience of farming systems. Lastly, long-term partnerships and place-based platforms are vital for scaling sustainable farming practices. Collaboration between farmers, researchers, and local stakeholders ensures that innovations are refined and adopted across regions, leading to greater sustainability and impact.
In conclusion, the success of the MFS initiative in Malawi underscores the importance of involving farmers in the co-design of agronomic innovations, particularly in enhancing gender equity and social inclusion. By adapting farming practices to local contexts, addressing barriers to adoption, and fostering collaboration among stakeholders, the initiative is paving the way for more sustainable and resilient farming systems in Malawi.
