The influenza vaccine has been used safely for over 60 years, with annual immunization recommended to maintain protection. Despite its availability, many, especially children, continue to suffer from influenza. The vaccine significantly reduces the risk of flu-related medical visits, though its effectiveness varies each year.
Instead of opting for vaccination, parents often rely on antibiotics and over-the-counter medications, which are ineffective against viral infections. This not only prolongs recovery but also contributes to the growing issue of antibiotic resistance.
In Kenya, the influenza vaccine is recommended for children aged 6-23 months and adults, though it is not yet included in the national immunization program. It is available at healthcare facilities, clinics, and pharmacies, with some initiatives offering free vaccinations. Studies indicate that the vaccine provides moderate protection against flu-related respiratory illnesses, reducing cases among vaccinated individuals compared to those who remain unvaccinated.
Influenza, commonly known as the flu, is a highly contagious respiratory infection affecting millions worldwide. Each year, around one billion people contract the flu, with 3-5 million suffering severe illness. Flu-related respiratory complications claim between 290,000 and 650,000 lives annually, with children under five in developing countries being particularly vulnerable.
The flu is caused by influenza viruses classified into four types: A, B, C, and D. Influenza A and B are responsible for seasonal outbreaks, while Influenza A is the only type known to cause pandemics. The currently circulating subtypes in humans include A(H1N1)pdm09 responsible for the 2009 pandemic and A(H3N2). Influenza B viruses belong to two lineages: B/Yamagata and B/Victoria. Influenza C is rare and usually mild, while Influenza D primarily affects cattle and does not infect humans.
Flu symptoms appear 1-4 days after exposure and last about a week. The infection typically starts with a sudden fever, followed by a dry cough, headaches, muscle and joint pain, fatigue, sore throat, and a runny nose. In some cases, the cough may persist for over two weeks. The flu spreads easily through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes, making it highly transmissible in crowded areas.
Though the vaccine may be less effective in older adults, it significantly reduces the severity of illness, lowers the risk of complications, and prevents flu-related deaths. High-risk groups including pregnant women, young children, the elderly, individuals with chronic conditions, and healthcare workers are strongly encouraged to get vaccinated each year.
The flu vaccine is recommended annually because influenza viruses constantly change, and the vaccine is updated yearly to match the most common circulating strains. Beyond vaccination, simple hygiene practices such as regular handwashing, covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing, proper tissue disposal, and avoiding close contact with sick individuals help prevent the spread of influenza. Staying home when feeling unwell also helps limit transmission.
Most flu cases resolve without medical intervention, with rest, hydration, and fever management being sufficient for recovery. However, severe cases especially in high-risk groups require medical attention. The World Health Organization’s Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS) monitors flu virus resistance to antiviral drugs, ensuring effective treatment strategies. Flu vaccines are updated regularly to match circulating strains, with options including inactivated injectable vaccines, recombinant vaccines, and live attenuated nasal spray vaccines.
Influenza remains a major cause of acute respiratory infections, leading to significant illness, deaths, and economic strain worldwide. In Kenya, children under two years face the highest rates of flu-related hospitalizations, yet the vaccine is not included in the Kenya Expanded Programme on Immunization (KEPI).
To assess the feasibility of a national flu vaccination program, a demonstration project was conducted in Nakuru and Mombasa counties between 2019 and 2021. The study examined vaccine acceptance and hesitancy among caregivers of children aged 6-23 months. Despite strong evidence supporting vaccination, uptake remains low due to concerns over safety, necessity, and the increasing number of childhood vaccines. Misinformation, especially amplified by social media and the COVID-19 pandemic, has further fueled vaccine hesitancy.
The study involved focus group discussions and key informant interviews across the two counties. Among 93 focus group participants, 70 percent reported that their children had received the flu vaccine. Interviews with healthcare providers also highlighted the need for greater awareness and trust in influenza vaccination to support broader immunization efforts in Kenya.
While influenza vaccination is available in Kenya, its uptake remains low due to trust issues, misinformation, and perceived risk. To improve vaccine acceptance, targeted awareness campaigns, community engagement, and leveraging trusted healthcare providers are essential. Integrating the flu vaccine into national immunization programs could help protect vulnerable populations, reduce flu-related complications, and enhance public health outcomes.
