Antimicrobial resistance (AMR), commonly referred to as “superbugs,” is one of the most pressing global health threats, contributing to over 700,000 deaths annually. If left unaddressed, this number could rise significantly, posing severe risks to public health, food security, and economic stability. While much of the focus on AMR revolves around human healthcare, the overuse of antibiotics in the animal farming sector is a major contributing factor, accounting for an estimated 70-80% of global antibiotic consumption.
Despite global efforts to curb antibiotic misuse, progress remains slow. Recent discussions at the UN General Assembly demonstrated how difficult it is to secure strong commitments to regulate antibiotic use in livestock. Nevertheless, countries have the ability and responsibility to implement policies that promote responsible antibiotic use in agriculture. The Nigerian government, in collaboration with Management Sciences for Health (MSH) and other stakeholders, is working to strengthen policies and improve antibiotic use in both human and animal health sectors. Their experience highlights the challenges and opportunities that nations face in combating AMR.
In many low- and middle-income countries, antibiotics are used indiscriminately to protect livestock, often without proper guidance. Farmers, driven by economic pressures, use antibiotics not just to treat infections but also to promote growth and prevent disease. However, without veterinary oversight, these practices contribute to AMR, making antibiotics less effective for both animals and humans.
A major problem in countries like Nigeria is the easy availability of antibiotics in informal markets. These drugs are often sold by untrained vendors who lack the expertise to provide proper guidance. Many farmers, unaware of the long-term consequences, continue using antibiotics without adhering to recommended dosages or treatment guidelines.
Raising awareness among farmers, veterinarians, and the public is crucial. Programs such as the FAO-sponsored training courses for veterinary paraprofessionals in Nigeria help equip communities with the knowledge to use antibiotics responsibly. If farmers understand the risks, they are more likely to adopt alternative practices such as improved hygiene, vaccination, and biosecurity measures to prevent infections.
Governments play a critical role in regulating antibiotic use and preventing misuse in animal farming. Stronger policies and enforcement mechanisms can ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and under veterinary supervision. Some key measures that governments can take include:
- Restricting over-the-counter sales: Antibiotics should not be freely available in open markets. Strict regulations should require prescriptions from licensed veterinarians before antibiotics can be administered.
- Enhancing laboratory capabilities: Strengthening diagnostic labs allows for accurate identification of bacterial infections, ensuring that antibiotics are used only when necessary and targeting the right pathogens.
- Supporting farmers financially: Many farmers use antibiotics as a cost-saving measure to prevent diseases. Governments can subsidize veterinary services, provide insurance for livestock losses, and promote alternative solutions to reduce reliance on antibiotics.
Investing in research and development is also crucial. Exploring alternative treatments, such as probiotics, vaccines, and herbal medicines, can help reduce the need for antibiotics in animal farming. Governments should also promote biosecurity measures, such as proper sanitation, quarantine protocols, and improved animal nutrition, to minimize infections and reduce antibiotic dependence.
A well-informed public is essential for successfully combating AMR. Farmers, veterinarians, and consumers must understand the dangers of antibiotic overuse and the long-term impact on human and animal health.
In Nigeria, organizations like the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security are implementing social and behavioral change campaigns to educate farmers and consumers. Initiatives include:
- Town hall meetings: Educating farmers and livestock owners about responsible antibiotic use and biosecurity measures.
- School programs: Raising awareness among students to promote responsible antibiotic use from an early age.
- Media outreach: Engaging radio stations and journalists to spread information on AMR and alternative livestock management practices.
Civil society organizations (CSOs) also play a crucial role in advocacy and education. They help bridge the knowledge gap by reaching out to farmers in remote areas, promoting hygienic farming practices, and encouraging sustainable livestock management techniques. Additionally, CSOs can push for stronger government policies, ensuring that AMR remains a priority on the national agenda.
Since AMR affects humans, animals, and the environment, tackling it requires a One Health approach an integrated strategy that links human, animal, and environmental health. This approach encourages collaboration between veterinarians, medical professionals, government agencies, and the private sector to develop comprehensive solutions.
Key elements of the One Health approach include:
- Coordinated surveillance systems: Monitoring antibiotic use and resistance trends across human and animal health sectors.
- Cross-sector partnerships: Encouraging collaboration between agriculture, health, and environmental agencies to implement unified AMR strategies.
- Sustainable farming practices: Promoting alternatives to antibiotics, such as improved animal welfare, better waste management, and organic feed sources.
By adopting this holistic approach, countries can create sustainable solutions to reduce antibiotic use in agriculture while ensuring food security and public health protection.
Everyone has a role to play in fighting antimicrobial resistance. Governments must strengthen regulations, enforce stricter controls on antibiotic sales, and support farmers with financial and technical assistance. Farmers should adopt best practices to prevent infections without over-relying on antibiotics. Consumers must also be mindful of their food choices, supporting antibiotic-free meat and dairy products whenever possible.
Public awareness campaigns, educational programs, and advocacy efforts can make a significant difference in changing behaviors and policies. Through a coordinated effort involving governments, farmers, veterinarians, and civil society, we can protect the effectiveness of antibiotics for future generations. The time to act is now—before superbugs become an uncontrollable global crisis.
