Rwanda is making significant strides in cancer prevention and treatment, particularly in the fight against cervical cancer. With cancer cases on the rise, the government has intensified efforts to expand healthcare services, invest in medical infrastructure, and train professionals in oncology. A recent assessment conducted by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the World Health Organization (WHO), and the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) found that Rwanda has made commendable progress in cancer control but still faces challenges in ensuring nationwide access to comprehensive cancer care.
The country records approximately 7,000 new cancer cases and 4,800 deaths annually, according to 2022 IARC data. Cervical cancer remains the most common cancer among women, while prostate cancer is the leading form among men. Infectious diseases, such as the human papillomavirus (HPV), have contributed to the high prevalence of cervical cancer. In response, Rwanda has developed a National Cancer Control Plan (NCCP) for 2025–2029, aiming to strengthen its healthcare system and implement more targeted interventions.
A team of experts from IAEA, WHO, and IARC visited Rwanda earlier this year to assess the country’s cancer control initiatives. The mission included visits to key medical institutions such as the Rwanda Cancer Centre at the Rwanda Military Referral and Teaching Hospital and the University Teaching Hospital of Kigali. The team also engaged with government officials, healthcare professionals, civil society organizations, and cancer survivors to understand the challenges and opportunities in cancer care.
Rwanda’s commitment to cancer prevention has been widely recognized, particularly its efforts in HPV vaccination. It was the first African country to introduce the HPV vaccine and has achieved a 90% first-dose coverage among girls by the age of 15. The government has also launched public health campaigns promoting physical activity, tobacco control, and early cancer screening. This year, Rwanda plans to further accelerate its cervical cancer elimination strategy through expanded screening and vaccination initiatives.
Despite these successes, the assessment team identified several challenges in the country’s cancer control program. Access to specialized treatment remains limited outside the capital, with most advanced medical facilities concentrated in Kigali. Additionally, the country still relies on external funding for some healthcare programs, raising concerns about long-term sustainability. The experts recommended increasing domestic investment in cancer care and integrating cancer treatment into other healthcare programs to improve accessibility.
Rwanda has made significant progress in expanding radiotherapy services, with two linear accelerators providing treatment in Kigali. However, machine maintenance issues and a shortage of trained personnel continue to affect service delivery. The assessment team suggested investing in local training programs to address these gaps and improve radiation therapy services across the country. The government has also been encouraged to expand nuclear medicine capabilities and enhance imaging techniques to support early cancer detection.
Through partnerships with international organizations, Rwanda has received technical support in developing its oncology sector. The IAEA has played a key role in helping the country establish its first radiotherapy center, which opened in 2019. As part of its global initiative “Rays of Hope,” the IAEA continues to support Rwanda in expanding cancer treatment services and ensuring long-term sustainability.
Rwanda’s proactive approach to cancer control reflects its commitment to strengthening the healthcare system and improving public health outcomes. By investing in prevention, early detection, and treatment, the country is making significant progress toward reducing the cancer burden and enhancing the well-being of its population. While challenges remain, ongoing efforts and international collaborations will be critical in shaping Rwanda’s future in cancer care.
