Herpes simplex virus (HSV), commonly known as herpes, affects billions of people worldwide. An estimated 3.7 billion individuals under age 50 (67%) have HSV-1, which primarily causes oral herpes but can also lead to genital infections. Meanwhile, around 491 million people aged 15–49 (13%) have HSV-2, the main cause of genital herpes. Despite the prevalence, most HSV infections are asymptomatic or unrecognized. When symptoms do occur, they include painful blisters or ulcers that can recur over time. HSV-2 infection also increases the risk of acquiring and transmitting HIV.
HSV is highly contagious and spreads through skin-to-skin contact. While it is treatable, there is currently no cure. HSV-1 mainly spreads through oral contact, leading to infections around the mouth, but it can also cause genital herpes. HSV-2 is primarily transmitted through sexual contact, causing genital herpes. Many individuals experience no symptoms or only mild ones, but for those who do, the recurrent nature of the symptoms can be distressing. Genital herpes, in particular, can carry a social stigma and impact sexual relationships. Despite these challenges, most people eventually adapt to living with the infection, and medications are available to help manage and reduce symptoms.
