Cervical cancer, a significant health challenge among women, arises from abnormal cell growth in the cervix. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), it ranks as the sixth most common cancer affecting women globally. In Kenya, it poses a grave public health concern, being the leading cause of cancer-related mortality among women. The WHO estimated that cervical cancer claimed approximately 3,200 lives in Kenya in 2020 alone.
The primary culprit behind cervical cancer is a persistent infection with one or more high-risk types of the Human Papillomavirus (HPV). HPV is a common sexually transmitted virus, with most infections resolving naturally without symptoms. However, when certain high-risk strains persist, they can trigger the development of cervical cancer over time.
Risk Factors
- Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection
Persistent infection with high-risk HPV strains is the most significant risk factor. HPV-16 and HPV-18 are particularly notorious for causing the majority of cervical cancer cases. - Early Sexual Activity
Women who begin sexual activity at a younger age face an increased risk, as their cervical cells may be more susceptible to HPV infections. - Multiple Sexual Partners
Having multiple sexual partners or a partner with a history of multiple partners raises the likelihood of contracting HPV. - Weakened Immune System
Conditions that suppress the immune system, such as HIV/AIDS, or prolonged use of immunosuppressive medications can heighten the risk. - Smoking
Smoking exposes the body to harmful chemicals that weaken the immune system and may contribute to cervical cell mutations. - Infrequent Screening
Regular cervical screenings, such as Pap smears, are vital for early detection. Women who do not undergo regular screenings are at a greater risk of developing advanced cervical cancer. - Long-term Use of Contraceptives
Prolonged use of oral contraceptives has been linked to a slightly elevated risk, though the benefits of contraception often outweigh this risk.
Prevention and Control
Efforts to curb cervical cancer include HPV vaccination for preteens and young adults, regular cervical screening, and public health campaigns to raise awareness. Early detection through Pap smears or HPV DNA tests can significantly improve survival rates.
By addressing these risk factors and encouraging preventive measures, cervical cancer can be managed effectively, reducing its burden on women’s health globally and in Kenya.
