In the lush, green hills of Kericho, Kenya, small-scale farmers are discovering innovative ways to enhance their agricultural practices through technology. Farmers like Sammy Selim have begun utilizing advanced tools to revolutionize their crop yields. On his coffee farm in Sorwot village, Selim works alongside a fellow farmer, Kennedy Kirui, to implement an AI-driven application known as Virtual Agronomist. This technology leverages artificial intelligence to deliver personalized fertilizer application advice through simple chat prompts, enabling farmers to make informed decisions about their agricultural practices.
As Selim navigates his vibrant coffee bushes, he communicates with the chatbot, sending his farm’s coordinates and receiving tailored recommendations in return. The tool analyzes data and suggests a target yield of 7.9 tonnes, along with specific quantities and types of fertilizers required to achieve that goal. Selim is astonished by the precision of the report, as it advises far less fertilizer than he had initially planned to use. “I could have wasted money,” he reflects, highlighting the importance of accurate information in farming.
This scenario is not unique to Selim. Across Kenya, many small-scale farmers are turning to AI-powered applications to improve both the quality and quantity of their agricultural output. With the challenges of pests, diseases, and a lack of technical knowledge leading to substantial crop losses, farmers are increasingly relying on technology to bridge the gap left by declining support from agricultural extension officers.
The Struggles of Traditional Farming
Historically, farmers in Kenya have depended on agricultural extension officers—trained professionals sent by local governments to provide educational services and support. However, over recent years, the number of these officers has dwindled significantly due to insufficient funding. This decline has left many farmers without the guidance they need, prompting a shift towards digital solutions that can provide timely and relevant agricultural advice.
Selim’s journey with Virtual Agronomist began in 2022 when he first accessed the application with the help of a neighbor who owned a smartphone. By following the app’s recommendations, he achieved his highest yield ever, producing 7.3 tonnes of coffee. Prior to implementing the AI tool, Selim applied fertilizers based on general knowledge and practices passed down from other farmers, often without understanding the specific needs of his soil. In one season, his crop yielded a disappointing 2.3 tonnes due to ineffective fertilization practices.
The difficulties of soil testing further complicated his efforts. Selim would send samples to laboratories far from his farm, a process that often resulted in delays, with test results sometimes taking months to arrive, if they arrived at all. This uncertainty made it challenging for him to make informed decisions about his farming practices. Florah Maritim, the manager of the Sorwot Coffee Farmers Cooperative Society, identifies the lack of knowledge regarding soil health as a significant challenge for farmers in the region. “A big challenge for farmers is not knowing exactly what their soil needs,” she explains.
The Role of AI in Pest and Disease Management
The struggle to manage pests and diseases is another persistent challenge for farmers. Musau Mutisya, a farmer from Kwa Mwaura village in Machakos County, describes his previous reliance on intuition to identify issues affecting his crops. Without the knowledge of an extension officer, he often misidentified pests, leading to ineffective treatments and wasted resources.
On a sunny morning on his 0.6-hectare (1.5-acre) farm, Mutisya employs the AI-powered app PlantVillage to assist with pest management. By pointing his phone’s camera at a maize plant displaying a ragged leaf, he can receive real-time diagnostics and recommendations. The app instructs him on where to hold the phone and accurately identifies the pest as a fall armyworm, providing detailed advice on how to control the infestation. Reflecting on his earlier practices, Mutisya acknowledges, “We were doing guesswork in the past. You’ll end up using more money treating what you don’t know.”
Both Virtual Agronomist and PlantVillage operate by harnessing the power of advanced AI models, which are trained on extensive datasets. These models learn to identify pests and diagnose plant health by analyzing thousands of images of healthy and diseased crops. This innovative approach allows farmers to receive timely and accurate information, empowering them to make better decisions regarding their agricultural practices.
In Kenya, there are approximately 7.5 million small-scale farmers, yet the country faces a critical shortage of agricultural extension officers. The current officer-to-farm household ratio is 1:1,093, which is far below the 1:400 ratio recommended by the Food and Agriculture Organization. This imbalance highlights the urgent need for innovative solutions to ensure farmers have access to the information and support they require to succeed.
Bridging the Information Gap
The demand for accurate information in agriculture is increasing. Enock Chikava, a director for agricultural delivery systems at a prominent foundation, emphasizes the potential of technology to fill the void left by diminishing extension services. “We believe in the power of digital. It can really, really disrupt things,” he asserts. This sentiment echoes throughout the agricultural community, where farmers are increasingly recognizing the value of digital solutions.
A report released by a leading industry association indicates that agriculture and food security represent the primary applications for AI in several African nations, including Kenya, Nigeria, and South Africa. The report suggests that the potential for this technology to foster socioeconomic growth across the continent is immense. However, for these benefits to be realized, it is essential to address issues related to digital skills and ensure that more farmers have access to smartphones and the internet.
To facilitate the adoption of AI technologies, tools like PlantVillage and Virtual Agronomist employ a “lead farmer” model. In this approach, farmers who own smartphones are trained not only to use the applications on their own farms but also to assist neighboring farmers. This community-oriented strategy ensures that knowledge is disseminated effectively and empowers farmers to share valuable insights and experiences.
While PlantVillage is offered as a free service, Virtual Agronomist charges a nominal fee for coffee-related advice, making it accessible to a wide range of farmers. This affordability is critical in a country where many farmers operate on tight budgets and seek cost-effective solutions to enhance their productivity.
The Need for Caution
Despite the optimism surrounding AI in agriculture, some experts urge caution regarding the over-reliance on technology. Researchers have noted that many AI training datasets tend to exclude indigenous knowledge, which can lead to a disconnect between AI-generated recommendations and the realities of local agricultural practices. This lack of consideration for traditional methods raises concerns that the widespread adoption of AI tools may inadvertently undermine long-established, culturally relevant farming practices.
Angeline Wairegi, a researcher who has studied the integration of technology in East African agriculture, warns of the risks associated with a heavy reliance on AI tools. She emphasizes that without the inclusion of indigenous knowledge and practices, there is a risk of eroding valuable agricultural traditions. “Heavy reliance on AI tools to set farming practices may result in the erosion of long-held, and tested, indigenous agricultural practices,” she cautions.
Farmers like Boniface Nzivo in Machakos County, however, see the tremendous potential of AI as a transformative force in their agricultural endeavors. Nzivo utilizes FarmShield, an innovative system that monitors greenhouse conditions, including temperature, humidity, and soil moisture levels. This technology streamlines his irrigation practices, enabling him to determine precisely when and how much to water his cucumbers—an essential aspect of successful greenhouse farming.
“I don’t waste time trying to figure out how much water to use,” Nzivo shares, expressing gratitude for the time and resources saved through the use of FarmShield. The technology has improved his efficiency and allowed him to focus more on other critical aspects of his farming operation.
The Future of Farming in Kenya
As more small-scale farmers in Kenya adopt AI-driven tools and technologies, the landscape of agriculture is poised for transformation. By leveraging digital solutions, farmers can overcome traditional challenges related to crop management, pest control, and soil health. This shift not only enhances productivity but also contributes to improved food security and economic stability in rural communities.
The increasing reliance on technology in agriculture is indicative of a broader trend toward precision farming. By combining data-driven insights with traditional knowledge, farmers can make informed decisions that optimize their operations. This approach fosters a more sustainable agricultural ecosystem and empowers farmers to adapt to changing environmental conditions.
The collaboration between farmers, technology developers, and agricultural organizations plays a vital role in the successful implementation of AI tools in Kenya. By fostering partnerships and encouraging knowledge sharing, stakeholders can work together to address the unique challenges faced by small-scale farmers and unlock the full potential of agricultural innovation.
As the agricultural sector continues to evolve, it is essential for farmers to remain adaptable and open to new methods. The integration of AI technology offers a pathway to improved yields and sustainability, but it is equally important to maintain respect for traditional practices that have been successful in local contexts. By finding a balance between innovation and tradition, farmers can forge a path toward a more resilient agricultural future.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the embrace of AI technology by Kenyan farmers marks a significant turning point in the country’s agricultural landscape. As small-scale farmers like Sammy Selim and Musau Mutisya leverage digital tools to enhance their productivity and mitigate risks, the potential for transformative change becomes increasingly evident. The journey of these farmers demonstrates the power of technology to empower communities, improve food security, and foster sustainable agricultural practices.
While the road ahead is filled with challenges, the commitment to integrating technology into farming practices reflects a growing recognition of its importance. By harnessing the capabilities of AI and remaining attuned to local knowledge, farmers can navigate the complexities of modern agriculture and create a brighter future for themselves and their communities. In this dynamic environment, collaboration, education, and innovation will be essential in realizing the full potential of AI in enhancing productivity and ensuring a sustainable agricultural sector for generations to come.
