For decades, the lack of pasture has led to severe conflicts and loss of life in regions such as Samburu, Laikipia, and other parts of the Arid and Semi-Arid Lands (ASALs) of Kenya. During periods of drought, pastoralists often migrated with their herds, encroaching on farms and ranches, which heightened tensions and resulted in violence. This situation has been exacerbated by the adverse effects of climate change, including extended droughts, flooding, and livestock losses, all of which pose significant challenges to local communities.
Samburu County experienced a devastating drought during the 2016/2017 period, which led to high mortality rates among livestock and wildlife, significant migrations of animals, and encroachment on ranches. The prolonged dry conditions resulted in desperation among pastoralists, who were forced to seek greener pastures for their herds. The ensuing conflicts were not merely the result of competition over resources; they were deeply rooted in the socio-economic realities of pastoralist life and the survival imperatives that drove communities to take drastic measures. As pastoralists ventured into ranches, tensions escalated, and violent confrontations became commonplace.
In response to these challenges, the National Drought Management Authority (NDMA), with support from the European Union, initiated an integrated project aimed at addressing the livestock value chain. The project was designed to promote fodder production, construct and equip a dairy processing plant, and establish a livestock sale yard. The goal was to enhance the resilience of pastoralist communities by providing alternative livelihoods and reducing their dependence on natural grazing lands.
One of the most significant interventions was targeted at the Loosuk Hay Farmers Self Help Group, which consists of 30 registered agro-pastoralist farmers in Loosuk Ward, Samburu West Sub-county. This group faced immense challenges, especially during drought periods when pasture availability dwindled. One of its members, Gideon Lesmeridana, expressed his gratitude for the NDMA’s initiative, noting the profound impact it had on their lives. Initially cultivating Cenchrus ciliaris grass on a modest 3-acre plot, the group expanded their operations to 15 acres through the program, increasing their production from 1,000 to over 3,000 hay bales.
Lesmeridana articulated how the initiative addressed their pressing issues, stating that their cows no longer suffered from fodder shortages. This newfound stability motivated the farmers to continue livestock keeping, which is integral to their identity and economic survival. He reflected on the struggles faced by the community when they lacked pasture, which often forced them to migrate to Laikipia County in search of grazing land. Such migrations frequently resulted in conflicts with ranchers, leading to invasions of private land and exposing their livestock to theft and harm. Lesmeridana candidly acknowledged their wrongdoing in invading the ranchers’ lands.
Another pastoralist, Daniel Lemalasia, shared his harrowing experience of the hardships faced when relying solely on natural pasture. In search of grazing land, pastoralists sometimes traveled over 120 kilometers to areas like Wamba, Baragoi, and Marsabit, risking their lives and livelihoods in the process. The introduction of hay farming significantly changed this narrative. Lemalasia noted that they no longer had to travel far for pasture, which had also resulted in a reduction of their cattle numbers. This change has not only transformed their farming practices but has also had broader implications for their families.
Previously, migrations affected children’s education and family nutrition. Some children had to drop out of school because their families were on the move, while access to a consistent supply of milk became precarious. Lemalasia explained that during migrations, he could only sell milk when the cows were nearby, which was inconsistent at best. “We stopped selling milk until the cows returned from migration. Since we started hay farming, we now sell milk year-round,” he stated, highlighting the economic benefits of the program.
The role of local governance in this transformation cannot be overlooked. Philip Lerno, the area chief, emphasized the supportive role of the County Government, which provided essential resources, such as a tractor for ploughing. The NDMA also played a crucial role by supplying a baler for hay production and facilitating exchange visits that helped farmers enhance their practices. However, the farmers faced challenges in storing their hay, which requires a cool and dry environment. To address this, they approached the NDMA for assistance, resulting in the construction of a storage facility capable of holding 5,000 bales.
In addition to supporting the Loosuk Hay Farmers Self Help Group, the NDMA was instrumental in constructing the Lolmolog livestock sale yard. This facility aims to improve livestock marketing in Suguta Marmar Ward and serves a large area encompassing five sub-locations: Logorate, Lolmolog, Longewan, Nasur, and Loosuk. This region is home to approximately 2,027 households, housing over 12,000 cattle, 6,600 goats, and 10,000 sheep. By establishing this sale yard, the NDMA has improved market access for pastoralists, enabling them to sell their livestock more efficiently and profitably.
The integrated project focusing on fodder production and livestock marketing has significantly transformed the livelihoods of the Loosuk community. By addressing the challenges posed by climate change and pasture shortages, farmers have become more resilient and less reliant on unsustainable grazing practices. The success of this initiative serves as a model for other pastoralist communities facing similar challenges in the region. The program has not only improved agricultural productivity but has also fostered a sense of community and cooperation among farmers.
As the Loosuk community continues to adapt to changing climatic conditions, the benefits of diversified farming practices, such as hay production, are becoming increasingly evident. The integration of agriculture and livestock management has not only enhanced food security but has also fostered community cooperation and conflict resolution among pastoralists and ranchers. By sharing resources and knowledge, communities have been able to establish a more stable and harmonious environment, reducing the potential for conflict over dwindling resources.
Efforts to support agro-pastoralism, coupled with climate-smart practices, are essential for building resilience among vulnerable populations. Such initiatives provide hope for mitigating the impacts of climate change and fostering sustainable livelihoods in the arid and semi-arid lands of Kenya. The transformation of the Loosuk Hay Farmers Self Help Group exemplifies the potential for innovative solutions to address the pressing challenges faced by pastoralist communities, promoting stability and prosperity in the region.
Looking ahead, it is crucial for policymakers to continue supporting such initiatives that empower communities to adapt to changing environmental conditions. The success of the Loosuk project underscores the importance of sustainable farming practices and community-based approaches to resource management. By fostering resilience in agro-pastoral systems, Kenya can mitigate the adverse effects of climate change while enhancing food security and community well-being.
In conclusion, the integrated approach taken in Samburu County highlights the need for holistic solutions to the challenges faced by pastoralist communities. As the climate continues to change, the lessons learned from the Loosuk Hay Farmers Self Help Group can serve as a blueprint for similar initiatives across the region. By prioritizing collaboration, resource sharing, and sustainable practices, pastoralist communities can navigate the complexities of modern challenges while preserving their cultural heritage and ensuring their livelihoods for generations to come. The future of pastoralism in Kenya depends on such innovative solutions and the commitment of all stakeholders to work together for a sustainable and prosperous future.
