The Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute (KEMFRI) is embarking on an essential study of two endangered indigenous fish species in Lake Victoria. The initiative focuses on Oreochromis esculentus (commonly known as Ngege) and Oreochromis variabilis (Mbiru), both of which have dramatically declined in numbers since the 1950s. Historically, these species constituted the primary catches in the lake, but their populations have been overshadowed by the introduction of non-native species like the Nile perch (Lates niloticus) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus).
As Kenya faces mounting food security challenges, particularly in the realm of aquatic resources, this research aims to reintegrate these indigenous fish into local aquaculture systems. The significance of this initiative extends beyond ecological restoration; it encompasses social, economic, and nutritional dimensions critical to the communities around Lake Victoria.
Historical Context and Decline of Indigenous Species
Lake Victoria, the largest lake in Africa, has a rich biodiversity that supports various fish species, many of which are endemic. The indigenous species, Ngege and Mbiru, thrived in these waters and formed the backbone of local fisheries. However, since the mid-20th century, the introduction of Nile perch and Nile tilapia has altered the ecological balance of the lake. The aggressive nature and adaptability of these non-native species have led to overfishing and the decline of local fish populations, causing a significant loss of biodiversity.
KEMFRI Assistant Director of Aquaculture, Paul Orina, notes that the introduction of these species has led to a drastic decline in indigenous fish populations, with the ecosystems of Lake Victoria and its neighboring lakes suffering as a result. This decline not only threatens the indigenous species but also impacts the livelihoods of communities that rely on fishing as a primary source of income and nutrition.
Research Objectives and Partnerships
The research spearheaded by KEMFRI seeks to achieve several critical objectives:
- Population Recovery: The primary goal is to boost the populations of Ngege and Mbiru, creating a sustainable source of fish that complements existing aquaculture practices.
- Nutritional Assessment: The study aims to evaluate the nutritional profiles of these indigenous species to determine if they can offer higher nutritional value compared to the widely farmed Nile tilapia. Enhancing local diets with diverse and nutritious fish options is vital for improving food security in the region.
- Community Engagement: The initiative emphasizes the involvement of local communities, particularly marginalized groups such as women, youth, and persons with disabilities (PWDs) who engage in aquaculture. By empowering these groups through sustainable practices, the project aims to enhance livelihoods and nutritional outcomes.
- Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): The research aligns with Sustainable Development Goal 17, which promotes partnerships for sustainable development. Collaborating with institutions like Boston University and other partners in the East African region is crucial for sharing knowledge and resources.
Challenges and Strategies
While the initiative is promising, it faces several challenges that could hinder the recovery of these indigenous species:
- Environmental Adaptation: The transition of these fish from their natural habitats to aquaculture settings presents difficulties, particularly in their first generation. Adapting to cage or pond environments can affect their growth and reproductive success.
- Pollution and Habitat Degradation: Rapid urbanization along the shores of Lake Victoria, particularly in cities like Kisumu, Mwanza, and Jinja, has led to increased pollution from agricultural runoff and domestic waste. This environmental degradation further strains fish populations.
- Overfishing and Gear Misuse: The use of inappropriate fishing gear and practices has exacerbated the decline of fish stocks. Traditional fishing methods may not be sufficient to sustain the fish populations in light of the pressures they face.
To address these challenges, Orina suggests implementing a selective breeding program similar to those applied to Nile tilapia. By identifying and promoting traits associated with high performance, these indigenous species can be improved for competitive growth in aquaculture settings. This approach could lead to a resurgence of Ngege and Mbiru in local markets, improving both supply and dietary diversity.
Potential Impact on Food Security
The revival of indigenous fish species in Lake Victoria has the potential to significantly enhance food security in Kenya. By reintroducing Ngege and Mbiru into aquaculture, local communities can reduce their dependence on non-native species, fostering a more balanced and resilient fishery ecosystem. Furthermore, as the populations of these indigenous fish increase, they can provide a vital protein source for local diets, particularly in regions where malnutrition is prevalent.
The focus on creating economic opportunities for marginalized groups is another critical aspect of this initiative. By equipping women, youth, and PWDs with the knowledge and resources needed for aquaculture, the project aims to foster sustainable livelihoods. This empowerment not only improves food security but also enhances community resilience in the face of environmental and economic challenges.
Conclusion
The research conducted by KEMFRI on the endangered indigenous fish species in Lake Victoria represents a crucial step towards revitalizing the region’s aquatic biodiversity and improving food security in Kenya. By focusing on the conservation and sustainable cultivation of Ngege and Mbiru, the initiative aims to restore a critical part of the local ecosystem while providing nutritious food options for communities.
This collaborative effort not only addresses immediate food security needs but also aligns with broader sustainable development goals, fostering partnerships that can drive long-term ecological and economic benefits. As the study progresses, its success may serve as a model for similar initiatives across East Africa, highlighting the importance of indigenous species in sustaining food systems and enhancing community well-being. Through careful management and community engagement, the future of Lake Victoria’s indigenous fish species can be secured, ensuring a sustainable source of nutrition and livelihood for generations to come.
