Russia announced its intention to formally remove Afghanistan’s ruling Taliban from its list of terrorist organizations. This development, confirmed by Zamir Kabulov, Russia’s presidential envoy for Afghanistan, marks a turning point in Moscow’s relationship with the group, signaling a broader geopolitical shift that may redefine both regional and international approaches to Afghanistan. Kabulov stated that a “principal decision” had already been made by Russian leadership, and legal processes are underway to finalize the delisting.
This move aligns with Russia’s recent efforts to engage pragmatically with the Taliban, reflecting the complexities of international relations in a region marked by decades of conflict, foreign intervention, and evolving power dynamics. Russia’s decision to delist the Taliban also coincides with the recent Moscow-hosted conference on Afghanistan, further signaling a coordinated shift in policy.
Russia’s Changing Approach to the Taliban
Russia’s relationship with Afghanistan has long been fraught with complications, dating back to the Soviet invasion of the country in 1979. The invasion ended in 1989 after years of resistance from U.S.-backed Afghan insurgents. The Taliban, which emerged in the early 1990s, seized power in Afghanistan in 1996 but was quickly subjected to international sanctions, including by Russia, which placed the group on its terrorist organization list in 2003.
For over two decades, the Taliban’s position on this list remained unchanged, and Russia, like much of the international community, maintained its stance on non-recognition of the Taliban as Afghanistan’s legitimate rulers. However, when the U.S. and NATO forces withdrew from Afghanistan in August 2021, leaving the country to fall swiftly back into Taliban control, the regional dynamics began to shift.
Over the past three years, Moscow has developed closer, albeit informal, ties with the Taliban. This change in diplomatic posture appears to be part of Russia’s broader strategy to stabilize its influence in Central and South Asia. At the recent Moscow Format conference, Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov underscored the importance of maintaining a “pragmatic dialogue” with the Taliban, pledging that Russia would continue to develop political, trade, and economic ties with Kabul.
Moscow has taken steps to align its regional policies with other neighbors of Afghanistan, like Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, who have already removed the Taliban from their lists of terrorist organizations. In the face of growing security concerns, the Taliban has proven to be a valuable partner in combating the Islamic State Khorasan (IS-K), a regional affiliate of the Islamic State terror group. IS-K has been identified as the most significant regional threat emanating from Afghan soil, and Russia views the Taliban’s role in countering this threat as critical to maintaining regional stability.
Russia’s Diplomatic Strategy in Central Asia
Russia’s decision to delist the Taliban is part of a broader diplomatic initiative aimed at reasserting its influence in Central Asia and Afghanistan. The Moscow Format, which was established in 2017, has become a key platform for discussing regional challenges posed by Afghanistan’s instability. Participants in the recent conference included China, India, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, and Uzbekistan, all of whom share a common interest in preventing Afghanistan from becoming a haven for terrorist groups.
For Moscow, ensuring stability in Afghanistan is not just about countering terrorism; it is also about maintaining a foothold in the region’s shifting geopolitical landscape. Afghanistan’s strategic location, situated between Central and South Asia, gives it considerable importance in Russian foreign policy. The country’s economic potential, particularly in trade routes and mineral resources, makes Afghanistan an important partner for Russia’s ambitions in the region.
Lavrov, during his address at the Moscow Format meeting, acknowledged the Taliban’s efforts in combating drug trafficking and IS-K activity, highlighting that these actions align with Russia’s own security priorities. The foreign minister also noted the importance of regional cooperation in preventing the recruitment of foreign fighters by IS-K and other terrorist organizations.
The Taliban’s Diplomatic Standing
While the Taliban remains internationally isolated, Russia’s move to delist them as a terrorist group signals a new phase in their diplomatic standing. Though no country has yet officially recognized the Taliban as Afghanistan’s legitimate government, several have taken steps to engage with them pragmatically. China and the United Arab Emirates, for instance, have formally accepted Taliban-appointed ambassadors. Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan have recently removed the Taliban from their lists of outlawed groups, signaling a broader regional shift toward engaging the Taliban as a governing entity.
This trend highlights a stark contrast with Western policies, particularly that of the United States. Washington remains firmly opposed to any move that would ease sanctions or pave the way for international recognition of the Taliban. The U.S. has made it clear that it views the Taliban’s human rights record, particularly in regard to women’s rights, as a major obstacle to normalization of relations. The head of the U.S. diplomatic mission for Afghanistan, Karen Decker, reiterated this position ahead of the Moscow Format meeting, stating that the U.S. remains committed to holding the Taliban accountable for their actions and that improvements in human rights would be a prerequisite for any form of international legitimacy.
This divergence in approach underscores the complexity of the international community’s engagement with Afghanistan. While regional players like Russia, China, and Pakistan appear to be moving toward a more pragmatic relationship with the Taliban, Western nations remain cautious, insisting on conditions such as human rights improvements and counterterrorism commitments before formal recognition can be considered.
Challenges for the Taliban
Despite growing diplomatic engagement from Russia and other regional powers, the Taliban faces significant challenges both domestically and internationally. Afghanistan remains in a state of economic collapse, with widespread poverty, food insecurity, and a lack of access to basic services affecting much of the population. While the Taliban has sought to portray itself as a stabilizing force in the country, their rule has been marked by significant repression, including severe restrictions on women’s rights, media freedom, and political dissent.
The Taliban’s governance style and policies continue to hinder international recognition and assistance. Most nations, including Western powers, have been reluctant to lift sanctions or provide significant aid due to concerns over the Taliban’s draconian rule and its treatment of minorities and women. The humanitarian crisis in Afghanistan is further exacerbated by these sanctions, which restrict access to much-needed resources and development aid.
At the regional level, security concerns remain high. While the Taliban has made strides in combating IS-K, the group remains a potent threat both within Afghanistan and to its neighbors. The Taliban has also been accused of harboring terrorist elements within its borders, complicating its efforts to gain international legitimacy.
The Taliban foreign minister, Amir Khan Muttaqi, in his speech at the Moscow Format conference, called on regional countries to cooperate in preventing the recruitment of foreign fighters by IS-K. He also warned that external interference, particularly from terrorist groups operating from neighboring Pakistan, poses a significant threat to Afghanistan’s stability. This is a sensitive issue, as Kabul has recently accused Islamabad of providing safe havens to terrorists who launch attacks on Afghan soil—a claim Pakistan denies.
Conclusion: What Lies Ahead?
Russia’s decision to delist the Taliban reflects a broader trend of regional players seeking to engage more pragmatically with Afghanistan’s de facto rulers. For Moscow, stabilizing Afghanistan is a matter of both security and economic interest, as the country serves as a key link in the broader Central Asian region. However, the path toward international recognition for the Taliban remains fraught with challenges.
While Russia, China, and other regional players are inching closer to normalizing relations with the Taliban, Western nations, led by the U.S., remain hesitant. The Taliban’s human rights record, particularly its treatment of women and minorities, continues to be a stumbling block for broader international acceptance. For the Taliban, the immediate future will be shaped by its ability to balance internal governance challenges with external diplomatic efforts.
As Russia moves forward with its plan to delist the Taliban, the international community will be watching closely to see whether this decision will lead to greater stability in Afghanistan or further complicate the geopolitical landscape in Central Asia.
