Talking to your teen about sex and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) can feel awkward, but it’s an essential conversation for ensuring their health and safety. Many parents shy away from discussing sexual health, fearing it might encourage risky behavior. However, research shows that nearly 30% of high school students have had sex by the time they graduate. Even if your teen hasn’t yet, it’s likely they will in the future, and they need to be equipped with accurate information to protect themselves.
Understanding STIs is critical, as these infections are common among sexually active individuals. STIs are caused by bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms, and they can be transmitted through any type of sexual activity. While many STIs are treatable, if left unchecked, they can lead to serious long-term health issues, including infertility, complications during pregnancy, and in some cases, lifelong health problems. This is why it’s so important for teens to understand the risks and preventive measures.
Here’s a closer look at some of the most common STIs that teens should be aware of:
Chlamydia:
Chlamydia is the most frequently reported bacterial STI, although many cases go unnoticed because they don’t show symptoms. When symptoms do appear, they may include pain during urination, unusual discharge, or swelling in the testicles (which is rare). It can be diagnosed with a urine test or a swab from the affected area and is treatable with antibiotics. Left untreated, chlamydia can cause infertility, especially in women.
Gonorrhea:
Gonorrhea, like chlamydia, is caused by bacteria and can be asymptomatic. Symptoms may resemble those of chlamydia, such as painful urination and discharge. Gonorrhea can also lead to infertility and, in some cases, may be resistant to standard antibiotics, requiring additional treatments.
Trichomoniasis:
This STI is caused by a protozoan parasite and is often symptom-free. When symptoms do occur, they typically include itching, irritation, and discharge. It can be treated effectively with medication.
Syphilis:
Syphilis has seen an uptick in recent years, and its symptoms can be easy to overlook. In the early stage, it typically presents as a painless sore where the infection entered the body. This can go unnoticed due to the lack of pain. If not treated, the infection can progress to cause a rash, fever, sore throat, and swollen lymph nodes. Later stages of syphilis can affect the brain and organs, leading to serious complications. The infection can be cured with antibiotics, but if left untreated for years, the damage can be permanent.
Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV):
HSV causes painful sores that can appear around the mouth (oral herpes) or the genitals (genital herpes). Oral herpes is commonly transmitted through non-sexual contact but can be spread to the genitals via oral sex. Genital herpes is typically caused by HSV-2. While there is no cure for herpes, antiviral medications can help manage outbreaks and reduce transmission. Herpes can be especially dangerous during pregnancy, but the risks can be managed with proper medical care.
Human Papillomavirus (HPV):
HPV is the most prevalent STI and can be transmitted through skin-to-skin contact, not just sexual intercourse. Most people with HPV don’t show symptoms, and in most cases, the virus clears up on its own. However, persistent infections can lead to genital warts and certain types of cancer. Vaccines are available to prevent HPV and are recommended for both boys and girls starting at age 9.
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus):
HIV is particularly concerning because it weakens the immune system, making it harder for the body to fight infections. Early symptoms are often flu-like, and many people may not know they are infected for years. While there is no cure for HIV, medications can control the virus, and there are preventive medications for those at high risk.
Preventing STIs:
While this information may sound overwhelming, the good news is that there are simple steps teens can take to protect themselves:
Use condoms consistently and correctly: Condoms are the most effective way to reduce the risk of most STIs, including HIV. However, a significant number of teens still do not use them regularly.
Limit sexual partners: Encourage open conversations with partners about sexual history and encourage getting tested before becoming sexually active.
Get regular STI screenings: Teens should get tested for common STIs like chlamydia and gonorrhea annually, or more often if they have multiple partners or symptoms.
Regular doctor visits: Encourage your teen to be honest with their doctor about their sexual health and make sure they have private time during checkups to discuss any concerns confidentially.
As a parent, providing accurate, open, and supportive information will empower your teen to make informed decisions about their sexual health. It’s not always easy, but having these conversations early can make a lasting difference in their well-being.
