Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a chronic infection that profoundly impacts the immune system, targeting CD4 cells a type of white blood cell critical for immunity. Over time, HIV depletes these cells, leaving the body vulnerable to opportunistic infections like tuberculosis, severe bacterial diseases, and specific cancers. Without proper management, the immune system can become so compromised that even minor illnesses pose significant risks.
The Importance of Early Testing
The World Health Organization (WHO) advocates for universal HIV testing, particularly for individuals at heightened risk. Testing is a cornerstone of HIV prevention and care, ensuring timely diagnosis and intervention. Advances in technology have made this process more accessible, with affordable rapid diagnostic tests and self-testing kits now widely available. However, effective testing goes beyond the act itself it must adhere to the 5Cs:
Consent: Testing must be voluntary and informed.
Confidentiality: The results and discussions are strictly private.
Counselling: Pre- and post-test counselling helps individuals understand their status and next steps.
Correct Results: Reliable testing methods ensure accuracy.
Connection: Linking individuals to appropriate treatment or preventive services is essential.
Antiretroviral Therapy (ART): A Lifesaving Measure
For those diagnosed with HIV, antiretroviral therapy (ART) is a game-changer. This treatment, when taken consistently, not only helps individuals manage the virus but also prevents its transmission to others. ART works by reducing the viral load in the blood, with the ultimate goal of achieving undetectable levels (fewer than 50 copies/ml). An undetectable viral load significantly reduces the risk of HIV-related complications and halts further disease progression.
Monitoring HIV Progression: CD4 Count and Viral Load
Effective HIV management requires regular monitoring of two critical markers:
CD4 Cell Count: This test assesses the immune system’s strength. A normal CD4 count ranges between 500 and 1,500 cells/mm³. Individuals with counts below 200 cells/mm³ are at risk for advanced HIV disease (AHD), characterized by a severely weakened immune system.
Viral Load: This measures the quantity of HIV in the blood. Persistent viral loads above 1,000 copies/ml, despite ART, signal the need for adjustments in treatment.
Timely interventions based on these tests can prevent severe health outcomes and improve quality of life for people living with HIV.
A Global Strategy to Combat HIV
WHO’s ambitious 2022–2030 global health sector strategy on HIV underscores the urgency of reducing new infections and deaths. The plan aims to decrease annual new infections from 1.5 million in 2020 to 335,000 by 2030 and HIV-related deaths from 680,000 to fewer than 240,000. Achieving these targets requires collective action, including scaling up testing, enhancing ART access, and addressing social determinants like stigma and discrimination.
Final Thoughts
HIV is no longer the death sentence it once was, thanks to medical advancements and global health initiatives. However, achieving an HIV-free world demands vigilance, compassion, and unwavering commitment. Everyone has a role to play — whether by advocating for accessible healthcare, supporting those living with HIV, or taking preventive measures to protect themselves and their communities. Together, we can overcome the challenges posed by HIV and move closer to a healthier, more equitable future.
