Mpox, once known as monkeypox, is a viral illness caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV), belonging to the genus Orthopoxvirus. The virus, which is part of the larger Poxviridae family, includes other viruses like variola (smallpox) and cowpox. Although it is primarily known for affecting animals, mpox can also spread to humans, causing symptoms that resemble those of smallpox but are typically less severe.
Mpox is an infectious disease that can lead to a variety of symptoms, primarily characterized by a skin rash, fever, headache, muscle aches, and swollen lymph nodes. These symptoms can last anywhere from two to four weeks, with some individuals experiencing more severe effects depending on their health conditions. In 2022, a global outbreak of mpox occurred, primarily involving the clade IIb strain. More recently, there has been a rise in cases of clades Ia and Ib in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and other African countries.
Despite its relatively mild nature in some cases, mpox can be severe or even fatal, particularly for people with weakened immune systems, young children, and pregnant individuals. The virus’s ability to spread among different populations and its potential to cause complications underscores the need for ongoing vigilance.
Mpox spreads mainly through close contact with an infected person, including skin-to-skin interactions such as touching or sexual activity. The virus can also be transmitted through respiratory droplets if a person comes into close proximity with an infected individual. Furthermore, mpox can spread through contaminated objects like bedding, clothing, and even needles used in medical procedures.
While the virus is primarily spread through human-to-human contact, animal-to-human transmission has also been reported. People who handle infected animals, such as during hunting or preparing food, are at risk of contracting the virus through bites or scratches. The natural reservoir of the virus remains unclear, though several small mammals are believed to play a role.
The symptoms of mpox typically appear within 1 to 21 days after exposure, with a rash often being the first sign. The rash begins as flat sores and eventually develops into blisters that may be painful or itchy. These blisters dry up and crust over before healing. The rash can appear anywhere on the body but is most commonly found on the face, palms, and soles of the feet. In some cases, the rash can also appear in the genital and anal areas.
Along with the rash, individuals may experience:
- Fever
- Headache
- Muscle aches and back pain
- Swollen lymph nodes
- Fatigue and low energy
Some individuals may also have sore throat, pain during swallowing, or painful swelling of the rectum (proctitis). Complications can arise, especially for those with underlying health conditions, leading to severe skin infections, pneumonia, or even sepsis.
There is no specific antiviral treatment for mpox, but supportive care plays a crucial role in managing symptoms and preventing complications. This includes hydration, pain management, and careful attention to skin care to avoid secondary infections. In severe cases, hospitalization may be required.
Vaccination remains one of the most effective preventive measures. The smallpox vaccine, which has been shown to provide some protection against mpox, is recommended for individuals at higher risk, such as healthcare workers, those with multiple sexual partners, and individuals in close contact with infected individuals. Post-exposure vaccination can be given within 4 days of exposure, offering a chance to prevent the disease or lessen its severity if administered in time.
To prevent the spread of mpox, individuals who are infected should isolate themselves until their lesions have fully healed. Wearing a mask and covering lesions when around others can help minimize the risk of transmission. It’s also crucial to practice good hygiene, including frequent handwashing and disinfecting shared surfaces.
For people who suspect they have mpox, it’s important to contact a healthcare provider as soon as possible for proper diagnosis and care. Individuals should avoid scratching or popping blisters, as this can lead to further complications and spread the virus.
Mpox outbreaks are not limited to Africa. In 2022, the virus spread rapidly across Europe and the Americas, affecting a diverse range of populations. The 2022 outbreak mainly impacted men who have sex with men, but the virus can affect anyone who comes into close contact with an infected person. The global spread of mpox highlights the need for international cooperation in monitoring and controlling outbreaks, as well as addressing the stigma that can arise during such health crises.
While mpox remains a public health concern, effective measures such as vaccination, early detection, and supportive care can greatly reduce the risk of severe illness. It is crucial for individuals to remain informed about the symptoms and transmission routes of mpox and to follow recommended guidelines for prevention. With ongoing research and public health efforts, it is possible to mitigate the impact of future outbreaks and reduce the burden of this viral illness.
